There are two classes of Japanese verbs: original Japanese and non-Japanese,
those are mostly Sino-Japanese verbs, from Chinese:
Original Japanese Verbs
These verbs are written in
Hiragana or a combination of
Kanji root and a Hiragana flection (suffix):
する SU-RU = "to do"
よむ = 読 む YO-MU = "to read"
A Kanji
is read always in Japanese
KUN reading ,
if it has a Hiragana flection (with the exception of SURU!); the same goes for
Adjectives.
All Original Japanese verbs end in a
Hiragana syllable ending on U, but not all syllables:
- う -U: 言う I-U = to say
- く -KU, ぐ -GU:
書 く KA-KU = to write
急 ぐ ISO-GU = to hurry
belong to the same syllable because of the "smoothing"
diacritics.
聞 く KI-KU = to ask
has some exceptions!
- す -SU: 話 す HANA-SU = to sepak
- つ -TSU: 勝 つ KA-TSU = to win
- ぶ -BU: 遊 ぶ;ASO-BU = to play
- む -MU: 読 む YO-MU = to read
- る -RU: 分 か る WA-KARU = to understand*
* On RU end most of all Japanese Verbs in basic forms.
Sometimes, there are several Kana as a suffix after the Kanji root ,e.g.
WAKARU,
for historic reasons, but only the readt is changed in flections
分 か る
WA-KARU = to understand = (I/You/he ...) understand
分 か ら ない
WA-KARA-NAI = understand-not = (I/You/he ...) do not understand
分 か った
WA-KATTA = understood, "roger", "eye-eye" (informal)
分 か り ました
WA-KARI-MASHITA = understood, "roger", "eye-eye" (polite)
and so forth
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Sino-Japanese / Foreign Verbs + SURU-Suffix
These
Nouns end with the
Hiragana-Suffix する SURU = "to do".
勉強 する
BENKYOU SURU = learn+to do = to learn, to study
It can be a classic Sino-Japanese
Kanji word
or a trendy Anglo-Japanese word, written in
Katakana:
シャットダウン する
SHATTO DAUN SURU = Shutdown +to do, to shut down :)
These Kanji (often a composite of many kanji)
are always read in Sino-Japanese
ON reading :
These verbs do no change, only the
"auxiliary verb" SURU - but that is irregular!
シャットダウン する
SHATTO DAUN SURU = Shutdown +to do, to shut down
シャットダウン します
SHATTO DAUN SHIMASU = Shutdown +to do, to shut down (polite)
シャットダウン しない
SHATTO DAUN SHINAI = Shutdown +not to do, not to shut down (informal)
シャットダウン しなかった
SHATTO DAUN SHINAKATTA = Shutdown +not-done (past tense), I did not shut down (informal)
and so forth
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No Conjugation :) ...
Well, in English there are only two forms (have/has), but in Japanese, all personal forms have the same form - nice and easy :)
(German and other European languages have up to 6 forms for each tense)
German
Verb Conjugation:
(I) habe
du hast
er/sie/es hat
wir haben
ihr habt
sie haben
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Swedish
No Verb Conjugation:
jag har
du har
han/hon har
vi har
ni har
de har
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English
Limited Verb Conjugation:
I have
You have
he/she/it has
we have
You have
they have
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-
-
-
-
-
-
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Japanese
No Verb Conjugation: to have X = X GA ARU
watashi wa X GA ARU
anata wa X GA ARU
kare/kanojo wa X GA ARU
watashitachi wa X GA ARU
anatatachi wa X GA ARU
karera wa X GA ARU
(all forms informal)
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WHO actually reads, is a matter of interpretation :) A
demonstrative may help You, but many Japanese omit these:
わたし は 読 む WATASHI WA YOMU = I read (informal)
あなた は 読 む ANATA WA YOMU = You read (informal)
The Verb Flections
The ending syllable of the basic verb form is changed to express tenses, active/passive and politess.
This system can only be grasped if You know about the basic importance of the
Hiragana-syllables!
Japanese do not think in letters - we do, they think in syllables!
The expressions are:
- 2 tenses: 1 present tense (=future!), 1 past tense
- Active and passive.
- every variant has a negation
- every variant has a polite form.
- Potential- or Conditional form
- The "TE"-Form, coming near to the English "gerund form", writ-ING.
Now I list up all 7 Verb Syllable Rows: the system is not difficult, just a beginner may take some time to memorize:
Don´t worry about longer forms, they are used seldomly :)
I added also forms that would not make sense to apply, just to show what is possible.
The potential form is often replaced with KOTO GA DEKIRU (to be able to do this, "to can").
う -U: 言う I-U = to say
Active
informal / private
言う I-U (I) say
言った I-TTA (I) said, I did say
言わ ない I-WA-NAI (I) say not, I do not say
言わ なかった I-WA-NAKATTA (I) said not, I did not say
言い ます I-I-MASU (I) say
言い ました I-I-MASHITA (I) said
言い ません I-I-MASEN (I) say not, I do not say
言い ませんでした I-I-MASEN DESHITA (I) said not, I did not say
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Passive
informal / private
言わ れる I-WA-RE-RU (I am) said, I am told
言わ れた I-WA-RE-TA (I was) said, I was told
言わ れない I-WA-RE-NAI (I am) not said, I am not told
言わ れなかった I-WA-RE-NAKATTA (I was) not said, I was not told
言わ れます I-WA-RE-MASU (I am) said
言わ れました I-WA-RE-MASHITA (I was) said
言わ れません I-WA-RE-MASEN (I am) not said
言わ れませんでした I-WA-RE-MASEN DESHITA (I was) not said
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Potential
informal / private
言え る I-E-RU (I) can say
言え た I-E-TA (I) could say
言え ない I-E-NAI (I) can not say
言え なかった I-E-NAKATTA (I) could not say
言え ます I-E-MASU (I) can say
言え ました I-E-MASHITA (I) could say
言え ません I-E-MASEN (I) can not say
言え ませんでした I-E-MASEN DESHITA (I) could not say
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て TE-Form
The verb becomes almost an adjective:
言って I-TTE saying
This is pretty much the same as the English gerund
This form is also an order or a polite request:
"ITTE!" - "Say it!"
or
"ITTE-KUDASAI!" - "Please tell me!"
The point is that many things can be put at the TE form as a suffix:
言っている I-TTE-IRU
"being-saying", "telling now", "I AM SAY-ING"
The polite form is
言っています I-TTE-IMASU - I am saying (polite)
So the TE-Form is "frozen" and the suffix is changed.
言ってある I-TTE-ARU
"something being said"
言ってあげる I-TTE-AGERU
"to tell somebody"
言ってもらう I-TTE-MORAU
"to be told, to get to know"
and so forth ...
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Active Conditional
言えば I-E-BA if (I) would say
言ったら I-TTARA if (I) had said
言えなければ I-E-NAKERE-BA if (I) would not say
言えなかったら I-E-NAKATTARA if (I) had not said
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Passive Conditional
言わ れば I-WA-RE-BA if I would be told
言わ れたら I-WA-RE-TARA if I would have been told
言わ れなければ I-WA-RE-NAKERE-BA if I would not be told
言わ れなかったら I-WA-RE-NAKATTARA if I would not have been told
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Active Enforcement
("to order something to be done")
informal / private
言わ せる I-WA-SE-RU (I) let say (present)
言わ せた I-WA-SE-TA (I) let say (past)
言わ せない I-WA-SE-NAI (I) let not say (present)
言わ せなかった I-WA-SE-NAKATTA (I) let not say (past)
言わ せます I-WA-SE-MASU (I) let say
言わ せました I-WA-SE-MASHITA (I) let say
言わ せません I-WA-SE-MASEN (I) let not say
言わ せませんでした I-WA-SE-MASEN DESHITA (I) let not say
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Passive Enforcement
("to endure something to be done")
informal / private
言わ せられる I-WA-SERARE-RU (I) have to let me said, I have to hear
言わ せられた I-WA-SERARE-TA (I) had to let me said
言わ せられない I-WA-SERARE-NAI (I) have not to let me said
言わ せられなかった I-WA-SERARE-NAKATTA (I) had not to let me said
言わ せられます I-WA-SERARE-MASU (I) have to let me said
言わ せられました I-WA-SERARE-MASHITA (I) had to let me said
言わ せられません I-WA-SERARE-MASEN (I) have not to let me said
言わ せられませんでした I-WA-SERARE-MASEN DESHITA (I) had not to let me said
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I added also forms that would not make sense to apply, just to show what is possible.
The potential form is often replaced with KOTO GA DEKIRU (to be able to do this, "to can").
く -KU, ぐ -GU: 書 く KA-KU = to write, 急 ぐ ISO-GU = to hurry
Active
informal / private
書く KA-KU (I) write
書いた KA-I-TA (I) wrote
書か ない KA-KA-NAI (I) write not, I do not write
書か なかった KA-KA-NAKATTA (I) wrote not, I did not write
書き ます KA-KI-MASU (I) write
書き ました KA-KI-MASHITA (I) wrote
書き ません KA-KI-MASEN (I) write not, I do not write
書き ませんでした KA-KI-MASEN DESHITA (I) wrote not, I did not write
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Passive
informal / private
書か れる KA-KA-RE-RU (it is) written
書か れた KA-KA-RE-TA (it was) written
書か れない KA-KA-RE-NAI (it is) not written
書か れなかった KA-KA-RE-NAKATTA (it was) not written
書か れます KA-KA-RE-MASU (it is) written
書か れました KA-KA-RE-MASHITA (it was) written
書か れません KA-KA-RE-MASEN (it is) not written
書か れませんでした KA-KA-RE-MASEN DESHITA (it was) not written
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Potential
informal / private
書け る KA-KE-RU (I) can write
書け た KA-KE-TA (I) could write
書け ない KA-KE-NAI (I) can not write
書け なかった KA-KE-NAKATTA (I) could not write
書け ます KA-KE-MASU (I) can write
書け ました KA-KE-MASHITA (I) could write
書け ません KA-KE-MASEN (I) can not write
書け ませんでした KA-KE-MASEN DESHITA (I) could not write
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TE-Form
書いて KA-ITE writing
This form is also an order or a polite request:
"KAITE!" - "write it!")
or
"KAITE-KUDASAI!" - "write it please!")
The point is that other things can be suffixed to TE:
書いている KA-ITE-IRU
"writing-being", "now writing"
The polite form is
書いています KA-ITE-IMASU - I am writing
書いてある KA-ITE-ARU
"written-being" - it is being written
and so forth ...
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Active Conditional
書えば KA-KE-BA if (I) would write
書ったら KA-TTARA if (I) had written
書えなければ KA-KE-NAKERE-BA if (I) would notwrite
書えなかったら KA-KE-NAKATTARA if (I) had not written
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Passive Conditional
書か れば KA-KA-RE-BA if (I) would be written
書か れたら KA-KA-RE-TARA if (I) would have been written
書か れなければ KA-KA-RE-NAKERE-BA if (I) would not be written
書か れなかったら KA-KA-RE-NAKATTARA if (I) not not have been written
All in the sense of "receiving a letter".
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Active Enforcement
("to order something to be done")
informal / private
書か せる KA-KA-SE-RU (I) let write (present)
書か せた KA-KA-SE-TA (I) let write (past)
書か せない KA-KA-SE-NAI (I) let not write (present)
書か せなかった KA-KA-SE-NAKATTA (I) let not write (past)
書か せます KA-KA-SE-MASU (I) let write (present)
書か せました KA-KA-SE-MASHITA (I) let write (past)
書か せません KA-KA-SE-MASEN (I) let not write (present)
書か せませんでした KA-KA-SE-MASEN DESHITA (I) let not write (past)
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Passive Enforcement
("to endure something to be done")
informal / private
書か せられる KA-KA-SERARE-RU (I) have to let write
書か せられた KA-KA-SERARE-TA (I) had to let write
書か せられない KA-KA-SERARE-NAI (I) have not to let write
書か せられなかった KA-KA-SERARE-NAKATTA (I) had to let write
書か せられます KA-KA-SERARE-MASU (I) have to let write
書か せられました KA-KA-SERARE-MASHITA (I) had to let write
書か せられません KA-KA-SERARE-MASEN (I) have not towriten readsen
書か せられませんでした KA-KA-SERARE-MASEN DESHITA (I) had not to let write
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The "smoothed" syllable
ぐ GU (急 ぐ ISO-GU = to hurry)
follows the same rules:
急ぐ ISO-GU (I) hurry
急いた ISO-I-TA (I) hurried
急が ない ISO-GA-NAI (I) did not hurry
and so forth ...
I added also forms that would not make sense to apply, just to show what is possible.
The potential form is often replaced with KOTO GA DEKIRU (to be able to do this, "to can").
CAUTION: Exceptions!!! 聞 く KI-KU = to ask, to hear
Active
informal / private
聞く KI-KU (I) hear
聞いた KI-I-TA (I) heard
聞か ない KI-KA-NAI (I) hear not
聞か なかった KI-KA-NAKATTA (I) heard not
聞き ます KI-KI-MASU (I) hear
聞き ました KI-KI-MASHITA (I) heard
聞き ません KI-KI-MASEN (I) hear not
聞き ませんでした KI-KI-MASEN DESHITA (I) heard not
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Passive
informal / private
聞か れる KI-KA-RE-RU (I am) heard
聞か れた KI-KA-RE-TA (I was) heard
聞か れない KI-KA-RE-NAI (I am) not heard
聞か れなかった KI-KA-RE-NAKATTA (I was) not heard
聞か れます KI-KA-RE-MASU (I am) heard
聞か れました KI-KA-RE-MASHITA (I was) heard
聞か れません KI-KA-RE-MASEN (I am) not heard
聞か れませんでした KI-KA-RE-MASEN DESHITA (I was) not heard
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Potential
informal / private
聞こえ る KI-KOE-RU (I) can hear
聞こえ た KI-KOE-TA (I) could hear
聞こえ ない KI-KOE-NAI (I) can not hear
聞こえ なかった I-KOE-NAKATTA (I) could not hear
聞こえ ます KI-KOE-MASU (I) can hear
聞こえ ました KI-KOE-MASHITA (I) could hear
聞こえ ません KI-KOE-MASEN (I) can not hear
聞こえ ませんでした KI-KOE-MASEN DESHITA (I) could not hear
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TE-Form
聞いて KI-ITE hearing
This form is also an order or a polite request:
"KIITE!" - "Will You listen?!")
or
"KIITE-KUDASAI!" - "Listen please!")
The point is that other things can be suffixed to TE:
聞いている KI-ITE-IRU
"hearing-being", "now hearing"
The polite form is
聞いています KI-ITE-IMASU - I am hearing
聞いてある KI-ITE-ARU
"heard-being" - it is heard
and so forth ...
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Active Conditional
聞えば KI-KOE-BA if (I) would hear
聞ったら KI-TTARA if (I) had heard
聞えなければ KI-KOE-NAKERE-BA if (I) would not hear
聞えなかったら KI-KOE-NAKATTARA if (I) had not heard
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Passive Conditional
聞か れば KI-KA-RE-BA if (I) would be heard
聞か れたら KI-KA-RE-TARA if (I) would have been heard
聞か れなければ KI-KA-RE-NAKERE-BA if (I) would not be heard
聞か れなかったら KI-KA-RE-NAKATTARA if (I) would not have been heard
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Active Enforcement
("to order something to be done")
informal / private
聞か せる KI-KA-SE-RU (I) let hear
聞か せた KI-KA-SE-TA (I) let hear
聞か せない KI-KA-SE-NAI (I) let not hear (to keep it secret)
聞か せなかった KI-KA-SE-NAKATTA (I) let not hear
聞か せます KI-KA-SE-MASU (I) let hear
聞か せました I-KA-SE-MASHITA (I) let hear
聞か せません KI-KA-SE-MASEN (I) let not hear
聞か せませんでした KI-KA-SE-MASEN DESHITA (I) let not hear
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Passive Enforcement
("to endure something to be done")
informal / private
聞か せられる KI-KA-SERARE-RU (I) have to let heard
聞か せられた KI-KA-SERARE-TA (I) had to let heard
聞か せられない KI-KA-SERARE-NAI (I) have not tolet heard
聞か せられなかった KI-KA-SERARE-NAKATTA (I) had to let heard
聞か せられます KI-KA-SERARE-MASU (I) have to let heard
聞か せられました KI-KA-SERARE-MASHITA (I) had to let heard
聞か せられません KI-KA-SERARE-MASEN (I) have not to let heard
聞か せられませんでした KI-KA-SERARE-MASEN DESHITA (I) had not to let heard
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I added also forms that would not make sense to apply, just to show what is possible.
The potential form is often replaced with KOTO GA DEKIRU (to be able to do this, "to can").
す -SU: 話 す HANA-SU = to speak, to talk
Active
informal / private
話す HANA-SU (I) speak
話した HANA-SHITA (I) spoke
話さ ない HANA-SA-NAI (I) speak not, I do not speak
話さ なかった HANA-SA-NAKATTA (I) spoke not
話し ます HANA-SHI-MASU (I) speak
話し ました HANA-SHI-MASHITA (I) spoke
話し ません HANA-SHI-MASEN (I) speak not
話し ませんでした HANA-SHI-MASEN DESHITA (I) spoke not
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Passive
informal / private
話さ れる HANA-SA-RE-RU (I am) spoken
話さ れた HANA-SA-RE-TA (I was) spoken
話さ れない HANA-SA-RE-NAI (I am) not spoken
話さ れなかった HANA-SA-RE-NAKATTA (I was) not spoken
話さ れます HANA-SA-RE-MASU (I am) spoken
話さ れました HANA-SA-RE-MASHITA (I was) spoken
話さ れません HANA-SA-RE-MASEN (I am) not spoken
話さ れませんでした HANA-SA-RE-MASEN DESHITA (I was) not spoken
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Potential
informal / private
話せ る HANA-SE-RU (I) can speak
話せ た HANA-SE-TA (I) could speak
話せ ない HANA-SE-NAI (I) can not speak
話せ なかった HANA-SE-NAKATTA (I) could not speak
話せ ます HANA-SE-MASU (I) can speak
話せ ました HANA-SE-MASHITA (I) could speak
話せ ません HANA-SE-MASEN (I) can not speak
話せ ませんでした HANA-SE-MASEN DESHITA (I) could not speak
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TE-Form
話して HANA-SHITE speaking
This form is also an order or a polite request:
"HANA-SHITE!" - "Speak!")
or
"HANA-SHITE-KUDASAI!" - "Please talk!")
The point is that other things can be suffixed to TE:
話している HANA-SHITE-IRU
"seaking-being", "now speaking"
The polite form is
話しています HANA-SHITE-IMASU - I am speaking
話してある HANA-SHITE-ARU
"spoken-being", it is talked about
and so forth ...
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Active Conditional
話せば HANA-SE-BA if (I) would speak
話したら HANA-SHITARA if (I) had spoken
話さなければ HANA-SA-NAKERE-BA if (I) not would speak
話さなかったら HANA-SA-NAKATTARA if (I) not had spoken
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Passive Conditional
話さ れば HANA-SA-RE-BA if (I) would be spoken to
話さ れたら HANA-SA-RE-TARA if (I) would have been spoken to
話さ れなければ HANA-SA-RE-NAKERE-BA if (I) would not be spoken to
話さ れなかったら HANA-SA-RE-NAKATTARA if (I) would not have been spoken to
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Active Enforcement
("to order something to be done")
informal / private
話さ せる HANA-SA-SE-RU (I) let speak (present)
話さ せた HANA-SA-SE-TA (I) let speak (past)
話さ せない HANA-SA-SE-NAI (I) let not speak (present)
話さ せなかった HANA-SA-SE-NAKATTA (I) let not speak (past)
話さ せます HANA-SA-SE-MASU (I) let speak (present)
話さ せました HANA-SA-SE-MASHITA (I) let speak (past)
話さ せません HANA-SA-SE-MASEN (I) let not speak (present)
話さ せませんでした HANA-SA-SE-MASEN DESHITA (I) let not speak (past)
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Passive Enforcement
("to endure something to be done")
informal / private
話さ せられる HANA-SA-SERARE-RU (I) have to speak
話さ せられた HANA-SA-SERARE-TA (I) had to speak
話さ せられない HANA-SA-SERARE-NAI (I) have not to speak
話さ せられなかった HANA-SA-SERARE-NAKATTA (I) had not to speak
話さ せられます HANA-SA-SERARE-MASU (I) have to speak
話さ せられました HANA-SA-SERARE-MASHITA (I) had to speak
話さ せられません HANA-SA-SERARE-MASEN (I) have not to speak
話さ せられませんでした HANA-SA-SERARE-MASEN DESHITA (I) had not to speak
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I added also forms that would not make sense to apply, just to show what is possible.
The potential form is often replaced with KOTO GA DEKIRU (to be able to do this, "to can").
つ -TSU: 勝 つ KA-TSU = to win
Active
informal / private
勝つ KA-TSU (I) win
勝っ た KA-TTA (I) won
勝た ない KA-TA-NAI (I) do not win, I miss
勝た なかった KA-TA-NAKATTA (I) did not win, I missed
勝ち ます KA-CHI-MASU (I) win
勝ち ました KA-CHI-MASHITA (I) won
勝ち ません KA-CHI-MASEN (I) do not win, I miss
勝ち ませんでした KA-CHI-MASEN DESHITA (I) did not win, I missed
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Passive
informal / private
勝た れる KA-TA-RE-RU (I am) won
勝た れた KA-TA-RE-TA (I was) won
勝た れない KA-TA-RE-NAI (I am) not won
勝た れなかった KA-TA-RE-NAKATTA (I was) not won
勝た れます KA-TA-RE-MASU (I am) won
勝た れました KA-TA-RE-MASHITA (I was) won
勝た れません KA-TA-RE-MASEN (I am) not won
勝た れませんでした KA-TA-RE-MASEN DESHITA (I was) not won
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Potential
informal / private
勝て る KA-TE-RU (I) can win
(Alltag → 勝つ のは できる KA-TSU NO HA DEKIRU)(I) can win
勝て た KA-TE-TA (I) could winn
勝て ない KA-TE-NAI (I) can not win
勝て なかった KA-TE-NAKATTA (I) could not win
勝て ます KA-TE-MASU (I) can win
勝て ました KA-TE-MASHITA (I) could win
勝て ません KA-TE-MASEN (I) can not win
勝て ませんでした KA-TE-MASEN DESHITA (I) could not win
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TE-Form
勝って KA-TTE winning
This form is also an order or a polite request:
"KA-TTE!" - "Win!")
or
"KA-TTE-KUDASAI!" - "Please win!")
The point is that other things can be suffixed to TE:
勝っている KA-TTE-IRU
"winning-being", "now winning"
The polite form is
勝っています KA-TTE-IMASU - I am winning
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Active Conditional
勝せば KA-TE-BA if (I) would win
勝したら KA-TTARA if (I) had won
勝たなければ KA-TA-NAKERE-BA if (I) would not win
勝たなかったら KA-TA-NAKATTARA if (I) had not won
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Passive Conditional
勝た れば KA-TA-RE-BA if (I) would be won
勝た れたら KA-TA-RE-TARA if (I) would have been won
勝た れなければ KA-TA-RE-NAKERE-BA if (I) would not be won
勝た れなかったら KA-TA-RE-NAKATTARA if (I) would not have been won
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Active Enforcement
("to order something to be done")
informal / private
勝た せる KA-TA-SE-RU (I) let win
勝た せた KA-TA-SE-TA (I) let win
勝た せない KA-TA-SE-NAI (I) let not win
勝た せなかった KA-TA-SE-NAKATTA (I) let not win
勝た せます KA-TA-SE-MASU (I) let win
勝た せました KA-TA-SE-MASHITA (I) let win
勝た せません KA-TA-SE-MASEN (I) let not win
勝た せませんでした KA-TA-SE-MASEN DESHITA (I) let not win
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Passive Enforcement
("to endure something to be done")
informal / private
勝た せられる KA-TA-SERARE-RU (I) have to be won
勝た せられた KA-TA-SERARE-TA (I) had to be won
勝た せられない KA-TA-SERARE-NAI (I) have not to be won
勝た せられなかった KA-TA-SERARE-NAKATTA (I) had not to be won
勝た せられます KA-TA-SERARE-MASU (I) have to be won
勝た せられました KA-TA-SERARE-MASHITA (I) had to be won
勝た せられません KA-TA-SERARE-MASEN (I) have not to be won
勝た せられませんでした KA-TA-SERARE-MASEN DESHITA (I) had not to be won
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I added also forms that would not make sense to apply, just to show what is possible.
The potential form is often replaced with KOTO GA DEKIRU (to be able to do this, "to can").
ぶ -BU: 遊 ぶ;ASO-BU = to play
Active
informal / private
遊ぶ ASO-BU (I) play
遊ん だ ASO-N-DA (I) plaid
遊ば ない ASO-BA-NAI (I) play not
遊ば なかった ASO-BA-NAKATTA (I) plaid not
遊び ます ASO-BI-MASU (I) play
遊び ました ASO-BI-MASHITA (I) plaid
遊び ません ASO-BI-MASEN (I) play not
遊び ませんでした ASO-BI-MASEN DESHITA (I) plaid not
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Passive
informal / private
遊ば れる ASO-BA-RE-RU (it) is plaid
遊ば れた ASO-BA-RE-TA (it) was plaid
遊ば れない ASO-BA-RE-NAI (it) is not plaid
遊ば れなかった ASO-BA-RE-NAKATTA (it) was not plaid
遊ば れます ASO-BA-RE-MASU (it) is plaid
遊ば れました ASO-BA-RE-MASHITA (it) was plaid
遊ば れません ASO-BA-RE-MASEN (it) is not plaid
遊ば れませんでした ASO-BA-RE-MASEN DESHITA (it) was not plaid
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Potential
informal / private
遊べ る ASO-BE-RU (I) can play
遊べ た ASO-BE-TA (I) could play
遊べ ない ASO-BE-NAI (I) can not play
遊べ なかった ASO-BE-NAKATTA (I) could not play
遊べ ます ASO-BE-MASU (I) can play
遊べ ました ASO-BE-MASHITA (I) could play
遊べ ません ASO-BE-MASEN (I) can not play
遊べ ませんでした ASO-BE-MASEN DESHITA (I) could not play
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TE-Form
遊んで ASO-NDE playing
This form is also an order or a polite request:
"ASON-NDE!" - "Play!")
or
"ASON-NDE-KUDASAI!" - "Play please! Enjoy Yourself")
The point is that other things can be suffixed to TE:
遊んでいる ASO-NDE-IRU
"playing-being", "now playing"
The polite form is
遊んでいます ASO-NDE-IMASU - I am playing
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Active Conditional
遊せば ASO-BE-BA if (I) would play
遊ん だら ASO-N-DARA if (I) had plaid
遊ばなければ ASO-BA-NAKERE-BA if (I) would not play
遊ばなかったら ASO-BA-NAKATTARA if (I) had not plaid
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Passive Conditional
遊ば れば ASO-BA-RE-BA if (I) would be plaid
遊ば れたら ASO-BA-RE-TARA if (I) would have been plaid
遊ば れなければ ASO-BA-RE-NAKERE-BA if (I) would not be plaid
遊ば れなかったら ASO-BA-RE-NAKATTARA if (I) would not have been plaid
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Active Enforcement
("to order something to be done")
informal / private
遊ば せる ASO-BA-SE-RU (I) let play (present)
遊ば せた ASO-BA-SE-TA (I) let play (past)
遊ば せない ASO-BA-SE-NAI (I) let not play (present)
遊ば せなかった ASO-BA-SE-NAKATTA (I) let not play (past)
遊ば せます ASO-BA-SE-MASU (I) let play (present)
遊ば せました ASO-BA-SE-MASHITA (I) let play (past)
遊ば せません ASO-BA-SE-MASEN (I) let not play (present)
遊ば せませんでした ASO-BA-SE-MASEN DESHITA (I) let not play (past)
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Passive Enforcement
("to endure something to be done")
informal / private
遊ば せられる ASO-BA-SERARE-RU (I) have to play
遊ば せられた ASO-BA-SERARE-TA (I) had to play
遊ば せられない ASO-BA-SERARE-NAI (I) have not to play
遊ば せられなかった ASO-BA-SERARE-NAKATTA (I) had not to play
遊ば せられます ASO-BA-SERARE-MASU (I) have to be plaid
遊ば せられました ASO-BA-SERARE-MASHITA (I) had to be plaid
遊ば せられません ASO-BA-SERARE-MASEN (I) have not to be plaid
遊ば せられませんでした ASO-BA-SERARE-MASEN DESHITA (I) had not to be plaid
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I added also forms that would not make sense to apply, just to show what is possible.
The potential form is often replaced with KOTO GA DEKIRU (to be able to do this, "to can").
む -MU: 読 む YO-MU = to read
Active
informal / private
読む YO-MU (I) read
読ん だ YO-N-DA (I) read
読ま ない YO-MA-NAI (I) read not
読ま なかった YO-MA-NAKATTA (I) read not
The English syntax is unchanged, but the pronounciation changes ...
読み ます YO-MI-MASU (I) read
読み ました YO-MI-MASHITA (I) read
読み ません YO-MI-MASEN (I) read not
読み ませんでした YO-MI-MASEN DESHITA (I) read not
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Passive
informal / private
読ま れる YO-MA-RE-RU (it) is read
読ま れた YO-MA-RE-TA (it) was read
読ま れない YO-MA-RE-NAI (it) is not read
読ま れなかった YO-MA-RE-NAKATTA (it) was not read
読ま れます YO-MA-RE-MASU (it) is read
読ま れました YO-MA-RE-MASHITA (it) was read
読ま れません YO-MA-RE-MASEN (it) is not read
読ま れませんでした YO-MA-RE-MASEN DESHITA (it) was not read
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Potential
informal / private
読め る YO-ME-RU (I) can read
読め た YO-ME-TA (I) could read
読め ない YO-ME-NAI (I) can not read
読め なかった YO-ME-NAKATTA (I) could not read
読め ます YO-ME-MASU (I) can read
読め ました YO-ME-MASHITA (I) could read
読め ません YO-ME-MASEN (I) can not read
読め ませんでした YO-ME-MASEN DESHITA (I) could not read
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TE-Form
読んで YO-NDE reading
This form is also an order or a polite request:
"YO-NDE!" - "Read!")
or
"YO-NDE-KUDASAI!" - "Read please!")
The point is that other things can be suffixed to TE:
読んでいる YO-NDE-IRU
reading-being", "now reading"
The polite form is
読んでいます YO-NDE-IMASU - I am reading
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Active Conditional
読せば YO-ME-BA if (I) read would
読ん だら YO-N-DARA if (I) read had
読まなければ YO-MA-NAKERE-BA if (I) not read would
読まなかったら YO-MA-NAKATTARA if (I) not read had
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Passive Conditional
読ま れば YO-MA-RE-BA if it read would
読ま れたら YO-MA-RE-TARA if it read
読ま れなければ YO-MA-RE-NAKERE-BA if it not read would
読ま れなかったら YO-MA-RE-NAKATTARA if it not read
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Active Enforcement
("to order something to be done")
informal / private
読ま せる YO-MA-SE-RU (I) let read
読ま せた YO-MA-SE-TA (I) let read
読ま せない YO-MA-SE-NAI (I) let not read
読ま せなかった YO-MA-SE-NAKATTA (I) let not read
読ま せます YO-MA-SE-MASU (I) let read
読ま せました YO-MA-SE-MASHITA (I) let read
読ま せません YO-MA-SE-MASEN (I) let not read
読ま せませんでした YO-MA-SE-MASEN DESHITA (I) let not read
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Passive Enforcement
("to endure something to be done")
informal / private
読ま せられる YO-MA-SERARE-RU (I) have to read
読ま せられた YO-MA-SERARE-TA (I) had to read
読ま せられない YO-MA-SERARE-NAI (I) have not to read
読ま せられなかった YO-MA-SERARE-NAKATTA (I) had not to read
読ま せられます YO-MA-SERARE-MASU (I) have to read
読ま せられました YO-MA-SERARE-MASHITA (I) had to read
読ま せられません YO-MA-SERARE-MASEN (I) have not to read
読ま せられませんでした YO-MA-SERARE-MASEN DESHITA (I) had not to read
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I added also forms that would not make sense to apply, just to show what is possible.
The potential form is often replaced with KOTO GA DEKIRU (to be able to do this, "to can").
る -RU: 分 か る WA-KARU = to understand
Active
informal / private
分かる WAKA-RU (I) understand
分かった WAKA-TTA (I) understood
分から ない WAKA-RA-NAI (I) understand not
分から なかった WAKA-RA-NAKATTA (I) understood not
分かり ます WAKA-RI-MASU (I) understand
分かり ました WAKA-RI-MASHITA (I) understood
分かり ません WAKA-RI-MASEN (I) understand not
分かり ませんでした WAKA-RI-MASEN DESHITA (I) understood not
WAKANNAI is a short form of WAKARANAI ~ "donno, WTF"
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Passive
informal / private
分から れる WAKA-RA-RE-RU (I am) understood
分から れた WAKA-RA-RE-TA (I was) understood
分から れない WAKA-RA-RE-NAI (I am) not understood
分から れなかった WAKA-RA-RE-NAKATTA (I was) not understood
分から れます WAKA-RA-RE-MASU (I am) understood
分から れました WAKA-RA-RE-MASHITA (I was) understood
分から れません WAKA-RA-RE-MASEN (I am) not understood
分から れませんでした WAKA-RA-RE-MASEN DESHITA (I was) not understood
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Potential
informal / private
分かれ る WAKA-RE-RU (I) can understand
分かれ た WAKA-RE-TA (I) could understand
分かれ ない WAKA-RE-NAI (I) can not understand
分かれ なかった WAKA-RE-NAKATTA (I) could not understand
分かれ ます WAKA-RE-MASU (I) can understand
分かれ ました WAKA-RE-MASHITA (I) could understand
分かれ ません WAKA-RE-MASEN (I) can not understand
分かれ ませんでした WAKA-RE-MASEN DESHITA (I) could not understand
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TE-Form
分かって WAKA-TTE understanding
This form is also an order or a polite request:
"WAKA-TTE!" - "Will You get it?!")
or
"WAKATTE-KUDASAI!" - "Please understand!")
The point is that other things can be suffixed to TE:
分かっている WAKA-TTE-IRU
"understanding-being", "now understanding"
The polite form is
分かっています WAKA-TTE-IMASU - Now I understand
WAKATTE-MASU is a short form of it, stressing that You did understand, You were just not supposed to ...
分かってある WAKA-TTE-ARU
"understood-to-be" - it is understood
and so forth ...
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Active Conditional
分かれば WAKA-RE-BA if (I) would understand
分かったら WAKA-TTARA if (I) had understood
分からなければ WAKA-RA-NAKERE-BA if (I) would not understand
分からなかったら WAKA-RA-NAKATTARA if (I) had not understood
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Passive Conditional
分から れば WAKA-RA-RE-BA if (I) would be understood
分から れたら WAKA-RA-RE-TARA if (I) had been understood
分から れなければ WAKA-RA-RE-NAKERE-BA if (I) would not be not understood
分から れなかったら WAKA-RA-RE-NAKATTARA if (I) had not been understood
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Active Enforcement
("to order something to be done")
informal / private
分から せる WAKA-RA-SE-RU (I) let understand, I make clear
分から せた WAKA-RA-SE-TA (I) let understand, I made clear
分から せない WAKA-RA-SE-NAI (I) let not understand, I do not make clear
分から せなかった WAKA-RA-SE-NAKATTA (I) let not understand, I did not make clear
分から せます WAKA-RA-SE-MASU (I) let understand, I make clear
分から せました WAKA-RA-SE-MASHITA (I) let understand, I made clear
分から せません WAKA-RA-SE-MASEN (I) let not understand, I do not make clear
分から せませんでした WAKA-RA-SE-MASEN DESHITA (I) let not understand, I did not make clear
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Passive Enforcement
("to endure something to be done")
informal / private
分から せられる WAKA-RA-SERARE-RU (I) have to understand
分から せられた WAKA-RA-SERARE-TA (I) had to understand
分から せられない WAKA-RA-SERARE-NAI (I) have not to understand
分から せられなかった WAKA-RA-SERARE-NAKATTA (I) had not to understand
分から せられます WAKA-RA-SERARE-MASU (I) have to understand
分から せられました WAKA-RA-SERARE-MASHITA (I) had to understand
分から せられません WAKA-RA-SERARE-MASEN (I) have not to understand
分から せられませんでした WAKA-RA-SERARE-MASEN DESHITA (I) had not to understand
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I am not a Japanese, so if You see any error, please drop me a line (j_gelbrich@gmx.net) ... Sorry. Nobody is perfect.
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